Investigation is an active attempt to uncover facts about a topic. The word is used in a wide variety of professions and situations: For example, an art historian may investigate the origin of a painting through “close research.” The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) also mentions “examination, inquiry, or study” as synonyms for investigation.
The best investigations are a combination of thoroughness, clear communication, and adherence to the law. The best investigative journalism often centers around a problem that people are interested in, like corruption or fraud within government agencies or large corporations. Investigative journalists are also often rewarded for stories that surprise readers. GIJN’s Global Shining Light Awards celebrate the most outstanding investigations in the world, including those that were conducted under threat or duress.
One of the most important aspects of an investigation is maintaining a rock-solid chain of custody for physical evidence, such as documents or equipment. This means keeping a detailed log of everyone who touches the item, when they touch it, and why. Similarly, testimony from witnesses is especially important to document accurately. Getting interviews recorded and transcribed is the gold standard, as is ensuring that digital evidence, such as emails or server logs, is properly preserved using forensic processes.
Objectivity is the single most crucial aspect of writing an investigation report. Any hint of bias, emotional language, or loaded assumptions undermines the credibility of a report. In a civil case, this could cost the investigator their career. The best investigative reporters understand that their work must stand up to legal scrutiny, and this is why structured training, such as the certification programs offered by McAfee Institute, is so important.